I'm really surprised that in https://www.govdirectory.org/countries/ " most (all?) E.U (so yes, I'm talking about political Europe, not geographical Europe) are not there :(
This article is based on this https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA4451-1.html which is NOT a peer reviewed study but a "research report", which doesn't mean it's wrong or false or fake, but it means that you have to read it with extreme precautions.
Nothing in there has been double-checked by reviewers :/
This is one of the oldest trick in the book of very very dumb people who confuse "the truth" with "what they think".
I'm sure we all met that person in the family or in a new job, or at school being so proud of themselves for being "honest", and later on you discover that their honesty is not honesty, it's just "saying whatever crosses their mind unfiltered".
Last time I checked, Intel's MSRs (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-specific_register) allow Intel PCM (https://github.com/intel/pcm) to work, are indeed used to profile, or "measure performance" (sorry if my vocabulary is not the most accurate). Last time I checked the code of Intel PCM, it still relies on hardcoded values for each CPU which are as close as possible to reality but are still an estimation.
It doesn't mean that you get wrong measurements, it means there's a level of inaccuracy that has to be accepted.
BTW, I am aware that Intel PCM is not a profiler, and more of a measurement tool, however you CAN you use it to 'profile' your program and see how it behaves in terms of computing and memory utilization (with deep analysis of cache behavior (cache hit, cache miss, etc.))
To be fair, I discovered this article today, and I read it with passion.
Because, even though I'm 43yo, I'm too young to have worked professionally with other OSes than Windows and Linux. And it's super interesting for me to discover that astronomers had software solutions which were discarded and when they tried to protect what they had, they faced the "priesthood" mindset that is so well described in this article.
I'm not trying to troll, but I feel that this priesthood mindset is exactly the same as the one used when people destroy anyone who dares to criticize git. I think this quote from Douglas Adams and from that article fits perfectly: "their fundamental design flaws are completely hidden by their superficial design flaws".
What could be the reason for this?
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