Probably the Security center or the Mi account app. It will send the phone into a reboot loop.

Here's a writeup about packages which are safe to remove in MIUI: https://wooptoo.com/blog/safe-to-remove-packages-miui/

This is from a few years ago but it should still apply today.

Thanks. Both com.miui.securitycore and com.xiaomi.account are marked as unsafe for deletion. So it was somewhat expected to break. If we are talking about right packages, of course.

https://github.com/Universal-Debloater-Alliance/universal-an...

Probably something on https://drive.google.com/file/d/1OSw05IqGrIJSEi4xcEMiV56xw4t....

I'll try to reproduce if I get time.

Thank you, quickly checked. There is a bunch of risky to uninstall/disable packages here. No wonder it broke.